زبان آموزان عزیز امیدوارم که زمان حال کامل و نحوه کاربرد آن را در زبان انگلیسی بطور کامل و دقیق یاد گرفته باشید و الان آماده باشید تا زمان گذشته کامل را هم مثل زبان حال کامل، کامل و دقیق بیاموزید.
[lwptoc]
تعریف زمان گذشته کامل یا Past perfect tense :
این زمان در زبان انگلیسی وقتی بکار می رود که فاعل آن فعل را در زمان گذشته قبل از یک فعل دیگر یا قبل از یک زمان گذشته مشخص انجام داده و انجام آن فعل تمام شده باشد.
نحوه ساخت زمان گذشته کامل:
Subject + had + past participle verb + objects + adverbs.
و مفهوم آن در زبان فارسی به شکل زیر است:
فاعل + بن ماضی فعل + ه ( رفته، گفته، خورده، پرسیده) + بودم/بودی/بود/ بودیم/بودید/بودند
به مثال زیر توجه نمایید:
Sara wrote a letter to Joe at 10 o`clock yesterday morning; then she went to post office at 11 o`clock and mailed it to him.
اگر به مثال بالا خوب توجه نمایید؛ فاعل یعنی Sara دیروز صبح دو فعل را انجام داده است؛ او ابتدا در ساعت ۱۰ صبح نامه را نوشته است و در ادامه بعد از ان در ساعت ۱۱ نامه را پست کرده است.
در این مثال هر دو فعل در زمان گذشته انجام شده است اما فعل نوشتن در زمان گذشته قبل از فعل پست کردن انجام شده است؛ و در صورتی که گوینده بخواهد بیان نماید که فعل write در زمان گذشته قبل از ساعت ۱۱ دیروز صبح انجام و تمام شده است برای بیان آن باید از زمان گذشته کامل استفاده نماید.
در نتیجه گوینده می تواند بیان بکند که:
Sara had written the letter to Joe before 11 o`clock yesterday morning.
سارا قبل از ساعت ۱۱ دیروز صبح نامه را نوشته بود.یا اگر گوینده بخواهد بیان کند که فعل write در زمان گذشته قبل از فعل رفتن به اداره پست و پست کردن نامه انجام و تمام شده است؛می تواند جمله خود را به شکل زیر بیان نماید:
Sara had written the letter to Joe before she went to post office and mailed it.
سارا به جو نامه نوشته بود قبل از اینکه به اداره پست برود آن را پست بکند.
مثال دوم:
Susan bought some books and presented them to us.
سوزان تعدای کتاب خرید و آنها را به ما هدیه داد.در این مثال دو فعل در زمان گذشته انجام شده و تمام شده اند.در مثال بالا چون and بین دو فعل بکار رفته است پس باید هر دو فعل از نظر زمانی با هم یکی باشند.
اما اگر گوینده بخواهد به شنونده خود القا نماید که از بین دو فعل بالا کدام فعل در زمان گذشته اول و کدام فعل دوم انجام شده است؛ در این حالت بایستی از زمان گذشته کامل و ساده استفاده نماید.
از این مثال بطور واضح می توان فهمید که فاعل یعنی Susan ابتدا در زمان گذشته تعدادی کتاب خریده و در ادامه آن ها را به ما هدیه داده است.در نتیجه اگر گوینده بخواهد تقدم و تاخر انجام بین دو فعل در زمان گذشته را نشان بدهد می تواند از زمان گذشته ساده و کامل به شکل های زیر استفاده نماید.
Susan had bought some books before she presented them to us.
سوزان تعدادی کتاب خریده بود قبل از اینکه او آنها را به ما هدیه بدهد.یا
After Susan bad bought some books, she presented them to us.
بعد از اینکه سوزان تعدادی کتاب خریده بود، آنها را به ما هدیه داد.از مثال های بالا می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که حروف ربط before و after برای بیان تقدم و تاخر در انجام دو فعل بکار می روند؛ حال اگر این دو فعل در زمان گذشته اتفاق افتاده باشند یکی از آنها با زمان گذشته ساده و فعلی که قبل تر اتفاق افتاده است با زمان گذشته کامل بیان می شوند.
پس می توان نحوه کاربرد before و after را در زمان گذشته کامل به شکل زیر بیان کرد و آن را برای همیشه در حافظه سپرد.
Before + simple past tense …., past perfect tense
Past perfect tense……, before simple past tense
و
After past perfect tense, simple past tense
Simple past tense, after past perfect tense
و شما باید به این نکته توجه داشته باشید که فرقی نمی کند حروف ربط before یا after در ابتدای جمله باشند یا در وسط جمله.بعد از before زمان گذشته ساده و بعد از after زمان گذشته کامل بکار می روند.حالا مثال های زیر تا می توانید تکرار کنید و درباره آنها فکر کنید و تلاش نماید که آنها را برای همیشه در ذهن خودتان تثبیت نمایید.
Before I left home, I had eaten breakfast.
Before my father left home, he had taken a shower.
After I had eaten breakfast, I left home.
After my father had taken a shower, he taught me English.
My father taught me English, after he had taken a shower.
My father left home, after he had taught me English.
Before I entered the class, I had studied the new lesson.
After I had studied the new lesson, I entered the class.
Before I saw her, I had heard about her a lot.
After they had moved in their new house, they got it painted.
Before I went to work, I had brushed my teeth.
After I had brushed my teeth, I went to work.
Before I knew her, I had met her father several times.
After the earthquake had ruined the city, they warned them about it.
Before she came here, she had gone to the hospital and visited her patients.
After she had gone to the hospital and visited her patients, she came here.
نکته دیگری هم که بایستی به آن توجه داشته باشید؛ قید زمان در زمان گذشته کامل است.قید زمان در زمان گذشته کامل مشخص کننده زمانی خاص قبل از یک زمان معین و مشخص در زمان گذشته است.
Before + قید زمان گذشته
Before + ساعت + قید زمان گذشته
مانند:
I had seen her before 10 o`clock yesterday.
They had finished the project before last June.
Sara had left the party before midnight.
The teacher had finished the lesson one before 11 o`clock yesterday.
He had cleaned the house before noon.
She had cooked the food before 12.
They had waited for us for 2 hours before 4 o`clock last Friday.
The heat had melted the snow before June.
نکته مهم دیگری هم که باید به آن توجه کافی داشته باشید این است که، برای ساخت جمله سوالی و منفی زمان گذشته کامل از فعل کمکی had استفاده میشود.
مانند جملات زیر:
Had you met her before you left here?
Had they cleaned the rooms before last week?
Had he finished the project before he called you?
و شکل منفی زمان گذشته کامل هم با افزودن not به had ساخته می شود.
I hadn’t faced such problems before last month?
He hadn’t accepted our proposal before he met her?
They hadn’t paid any money to them before I wanted them to pay.
در اینجا من قصد دارم برای افرادی که می خواهند در آزمون های زبان انگلیسی مانند TOFEL یا IELTS و غیره شرکت کنند، یک نکته مهم و کاربردی را آموزش بدهم.
ابتدا به مثال زیر توجه نمایید:
I passed my exam, because I had studied hard last week.
من امتحانم را پاس کرده بودم، چون که هفته قبل به سختی مطالعه کرده بودم.
اگر به مثال بالا خوب توجه کنید در می یابید که هم فعل pass پاس کردن امتحان و هم فعل study مطالعه کردن در زمان گذشته انجام و تمام شده اند. اما فعل study قبل از فعل pass در زمان گذشته انجام شده است؛ پس در نتیجه باید با زمان گذشته کامل بیان شود.
و نکته دیگری هم که باید به آن توجه نماید کاربرد حروف ربط because, as, since , for به معنی زیرا یا چون که در زمان گذشته کامل است.
به چهار حرف ربط بالا حروف ربط توضیحی می گویند؛ بعد از این چهار حرف ربط جمله بکار می رود و این جمله علت وقوع فعل دیگر را توضیح می دهد؛ و چون علت وقوع فعلی در زمان گذشته به قبل تر آن زمان بر می گردد، پس در نتیجه در زمان گذشته بعد از این حروف ربط زمان گذشته کامل بکار می رود.
Simple past tense, because past perfect tense
در فرمول بالا بجای because هم می توان از as, for و since هم استفاده کرد.حالا لطفا مثال های زیر تا می توانید تکرار نماید تا بطور کامل به نحوه ساخت و کاربرد زمان گذشته کامل در زبان انگلیسی آشنا شوید.
Sara was very tired, because she hadn’t slept well.
Sue was very tired, as she had worked a lot.
Since my brother had studied hard, he could pass the exam.
For I had saved all the money that I had earned, I could change my house.
I got angry, because they hadn’t informed me what I had to do.
For I had met her, she didn’t want to see me again.
کاربرد when در زمان گذشته کامل:
عزیزان من، می دانید که when جزء حروف ربط زمان است و بعد از حروف ربط هم بایستس جمله بکار برود؛ در نتیجه when با جمله ای که بعد از آن بکار می رود بیان کننده زمان وقوع فعل دیگر است.
مثال اول:
When you came back home, your father had left home.
زمانی که تو به خانه برگشتی پدرت خانه را ترک کرده بود.
در مثال بالا جمله when you came back home بیان کننده زمان وقوع فعل left home است.
مثال دوم:
When you came back home, your father was watching football.
زمانی که تو به خانه برگشتی پدرت در حال تماشاکردن فوتبال بود.در این مثال هم when toy came back home بیان کننده زمان وقوع فعل watch football است که همزمان با آن اتفاق افتاده است.
پس می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که اگر جمله بعد از when گذشته باشد، در صورتی که فعل جمله دیگر قبل از آن انجام شده باشد، بایستی با زمان گذشته کامل بیان شود و در صورتی که فعل جمله ی دیگر همزمان با آن اتفاق افتاده باشد، بایستی به شکل زمان گذشته استمراری بیان شود.
مثال های زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نمایید تا به کاربرد when در زمان گذشته کامل آشنا شوید.
When I arrived at home, Mina had studied English for 2 hours.
My father had finished washing his car, when I called him.
My father had slept, when the film started.
When I saw her, she had waited for me for 2 hours.
When Sara called me, she had swept the house.
They had cooked different foods when their guests arrived.
When my mother was in the kitchen, my father had left home.
When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already left the airport.
When the earthquake happened, we had left the building.
Susi had gotten dressed when her baby woke up.
و آخرین موضوعی را که در اینجا به شما عزیزان آموزش می دهم، نحوه ساخت و کاربرد فرم مجهولی زمان گذشته کامل است.فرم مجهولی یک فعل و زمان وقتی بکار می رود که برای گوینده مهم نیست یا اصلا نمی داند که چه کسی فعل را انجام داده است؛ بلکه برای او مهم این است که بیان کند فعل روی چه کسی یا چه چیزی انجام شده است.
در گذشته با هم یاد گرفتیم که برای ساخت فرم مجهولی در ابتدای جمله بجای فاعل، مفعول فعل بکار می رود و شکل فعل جمله از حالت معلوم به حالت مجهول تبدیل می شود.در نتیجه فرم مجهولی زمان گذشته کامل به شکل زیر است:
Subject + had been + past participle verb+ by object + adverbs.
در فرمول بالا که بیان کننده فرم مجهولی زمان گذشته کامل است ؛ subject در ابتدای جمله همان مفعول فعل است و object بعد از by هم فاعل و انجام دهنده فعل است.
مانند مثال های زیر:
She had been informed by her sister to be here on time before noon.
They had been taken to the park by their parents before I arrived here.
Using the new machine had been taught to them before last week.
Joe and Julia had been encouraged to learn English before they left their own country.
The streets had been cleaned before the sunrise.
The guests had been served before my parents came in.
The letters had been typed by Sara before she called you.
After the house had been cleaned by her, she left home.
After they had been given their salaries, they went their home.
After she had been typed the letter, she got them mailed.
After the leaves had been gathered by the students, they were allowed to leave the school.
After the car had been fixed by a good mechanic, they continued their trip.
Joe`s homework had been done by him, before the quests arrived.
حالا لطفا جملات زیر را تا می توانید تکرار نمایید تا کاملا به نحوه ساخت و کاربرد زمان گذشته کامل در زبان انگلیسی مسلط شوید.
Before I came here, my wife had prepared the breakfast for all of us; so we ate breakfast; after we had eaten breakfast, I took my little daughter to school.
Julia and David had met each other several times, before they got married last year; Julia had invited David to dinner and had introduced him to her parents.
They had a lot of problems, after they had been married; they had been very friendly, before they were married.
I had eaten lunch, before you called me last night; and I had done my homework too; my father had explained lesson 1 to me and my sister before he went to bed; then you called me.
Mina hadn’t been born when the war started, many people displaced after the war had been started by Iraqis and many people had been arrested and killed by Iraqis, before Iranian soldiers could defend the innocent people.
When I called my mom yesterday morning, she hadn’t cook food and she had prepared the necessary ingredients to cook food.
Susan had been chosen by jury to participate in the competition before last July and she had been given a lot of lessons about the competition and it wasn’t fair to replace her with Sam.
It snowed all night long, but in the morning all the streets had been plowed by the workers and there was no snow in the streets.
My brother had prepared himself for TOFEL testy before last January; he had studied a lot of books and had listened to different listening files and had answered a lot of questions.
After they had gathered the leaves of the trees in the yard and had watered all the plants in the yard and had weeded the flowerbed, they went home and ate a good breakfast.
I was happy last night, because my father had been informed that he had been cured; before he was cured, my mother had prayed for him a lot; so my father thought that the God had forgiven him and he thanked God a lot.
حالا در ادامه از شما خواهش می کنم که به داستا نهای کوتاه زیر توجه کنید و به سوالات زیر بر اساس داستان پاسخ دهید.
Before David left home and went to work, he had gotten up and had run in the yard for 30 minutes, then he had taken a shower, afterwards he had waken his children up and his wife had made the breakfast ready.
He had eaten breakfast with his family before he left home.
After they had eaten breakfast together, David called a taxi to take them to school.
After they had called a taxi for their children, they went to work together.
Before they got married, they had been in the same colleague for 2 years.
David`s wife accepted his proposal to marry, because she had known him well.
۱) Had David gotten up and run in the yard for 30 minutes before he went to work?
۲) Had David gotten up and run for 15 minutes before he went to work?
۳) Who had gotten up and run in the yard for 30 minutes before he went to work?
۴) What had David done before he went to work?
۵) Where had David run for 30 minutes before he went to work?
۶) How long had David run before he went to work?
۷) How many minutes had David run before he went to work?
۸) Had he taken a shower before he left home?
۹) What had he done before he left home?
۱۰) Who had taken a shower before he left home?
۱۱) When had he taken a shower?
۱۲) Had David waken his children up before he left home and went to work?
۱۳) Who had David waken up before he left home and went to work?
۱۴) Whose children had David waken up before he left home and went to work?
۱۵) Had his wife made the breakfast ready before David left home and went to work?
۱۶) Whose wife had made breakfast ready before David left home and went to work?
۱۷) What had David`s wife made ready before David left home and went to work?
۱۸) Had he eaten breakfast with his family before he left home?
۱۹) Had he eaten lunch with his family before he left home?
۲۰) Who had eaten breakfast with his family before he left home?
۲۱) Who had David eaten breakfast with before he left home?
۲۲) What had he eaten before he left home?
۲۳) Did David call a taxi for his children to take them to school after they had eaten breakfast together?
۲۴) Who called a taxi for them to take them to school after they had eaten breakfast together?
۲۵) Why did David call a taxi for them after they had eaten breakfast together?
۲۶) Who did David call a taxi for after they had eaten breakfast together?
۲۷) When did David call a taxi for them to take them to school?
۲۸) Did they go to work with his wife after they had called a taxi for their children?
۲۹) Where did they go after they had called a taxi for their children?
۳۰) Who did David go to work with after they had called a taxi?
۳۱) Had David and his wife been in the same colleague for two years before they got married?
۳۲) Had they been friends for two years before they got married?
۳۳) Had they been colleagues for 1 year, before they got married?
۳۴) How long had they been in the same colleague before they got married?
۳۵) Did David`s wife accept his proposal to marry because she had known him well?
۳۶) Did she refuse his proposal to marry because she had known him well?
۳۷) What did she accept because she had known him well?
۳۸) Why did she accept his proposal to marry?
زبان آموزان عزیز، آیا زمان گذشته کامل را دقیق و کامل یاد گرفته اید؟ آیا زمان های حال کامل و گدشته کامل را به اندازه ی کافی تکرار و تمرین کرده اید؟
اگر احساس می کنید که زمان های حال و گذشته کامل را به اندازه کافی تکرار و تمرین کرده اید و به آنها کاملا مسلط هستید، پس از شما دعوت می کنم که به یادگیری زمان آینده کامل بپردازید.در صورتی که سوالی در مورد این مطلب دارید، در قسمت نظرات مطرح کنید ظرف مدت یک روز بشما پاسخ می دهیم.
