تعریف زمان های استمراری:در زبان انگلیسی افعالی را که فاعل در لحظات معین و مشخصی در زمان حال، گذشته و یا آینده در حال انجام آنها است، بوده و یا خواهد بود را با زمان های استمراری بیان می کنند.برای درک بهتر زمان استمراری مثال های زیر را بخوانید:
[lwptoc]
مثال اول:
Mina is washing the dishes in the kitchen now.
مینا الان در آشپزخانه در حال شستن ظرف ها است.
جمله بالا بیان کننده این است که فاعل در لحظه حال در حال انجام فعل است.
مثال دوم:
Mina was washing the dishes in the kitchen at 4 o`clock yesterday.
مینا دیروز ساعت ۴ در حال شستن ظرف ها در آشپزخانه بود.
جمله بالا بیان کننده این است که در زمان معینی در گذشته یعنی ساعت ۴ دیروز فاعل در حال انجام دادن فعلی بوده است.
مثال سوم:
Mina will be washing the dishes in the kitchen at 4 o`clock tomorrow.
مینا ساعت ۴ فردا در حال شستن ضرفها در آشپزخانه خواهد بود.
مثال بالا بیان کننده این است که فاعل در لحظه معینی در آینده در حال انجام دادن فعلی خواهد بود.
نکته:
با این مثال ها حتما متوجه شدید که فعلی که در زمان معینی معینی چه حال چه آینده چه گذشته در حال انجام شدن بوده، است یا خواهد بود با زمان های حال استمراری، گذشته استمراری و آینده استمراری بیان می شود،در ادامه محتوا تمام زمان های استمراری را با هم مرور می کنیم:
1.زمان حال استمراری:
یکی از بحث های رایج و پرکاربرد در گرامر زبان انگلیسی به گرامر حال استمراری مربوط می شود. این گرامر همانند زمان حال استمراری در فارسی است و برای بیان کارهایی که در زمان حال در حال وقوع هستند استفاده می شود.
گوینده برای بیان فعلی که فاعل در همین لحظه در حال انجام آن است از زمان حال استمراری استفاده می کند.
زمان حال استمراری برای بیان افعالی بکار می رود که فاعل همین حالا یا در این لحظه در حال انجام دادن آن است.
کاربردهای زمان حال استمراری:
۱-اصلی ترین کاربرد این افعال برای زمانی است که کار ها و فعالیت هاییست که در حال رخ دادن اند.
۲- بیان اتفاقاتی که به تازگی رایج شده اند.
۳- صحبت های رایج و عمومی، کار های موقتی و اتفاقاتی که نزدیک به زمان حال اتفاق می افتند.
۴- موضوعی که تغییر می‌کند، توسعه پیدا می کند و بهتر می شود.
۵- برای بیان کار هایی که اذیتتان می کند.
6. برای اشاره به اتفاقاتی که در آینده قرار است رخ بدهند.
تفاوت حال استمراری با زمان حال ساده:
وجه حال استمراری ( present continuous) برای بیان عملی که همان لحظه در حال انجام است، به کار می‌رود. بیشتر هم با اصطلاحات زمانی مثل right now یا today مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد تا نشان دهد که آن فعل همان لحظه در حال وقوع است.
ترجمه جملات در حال استمراری:
ترجمه جملاتی که زمان آنها حال استمراری را نشان می دهد اغلب مانند ترجمه زمان ماضی نقلی است. مثلا در جمله : “او اکنون در کلاس نوشته است.” نشان دهنده زمان حال استمراری است در حالی که پسوند است که به اخر اسم مفعول نشسته اضافه شده ترجمه ای همانند فرمول ماضی نقلی را در زبان فارسی را برایمان تداعی می کند.
ساختار جمله در گرامر حال استمراری:
فرمول زمان حال استمراری به شکل زیر است:
Subject + am / is / are + verb ing + objects + adverbs.
مثال:
I am watching TV now.
I am learning English now.
I am sleeping in my bed now.
I am sitting on the chair now.
استثناها در اضافه کردن ing:
در صورتی که فعل به –eختم شود، پیش از اضافه کردن –ing پسوند –e حذف می شود. (توجه داشته باشید که در صورت ختم شدن فعل به –ee، -oe یا –ye فعل بدون تغییر می ماند.)
برای افعالی که پیش از آخرین حرف بی صدا یک حرف صدادار با صدای کوتاه و تاکید دار دارند، آخرین حرف فعل تکرار می شود.
حرف L به عنوان حرف بی صدا بعد از حرف صدادار در “انگلیسی بریتانیایی” تکرار می شود اما در “انگلیسی آمریکایی” نمی شود.برای تمرین بیشتر،مثال های زیر را بخوانید:
My sister is cooking lunch now.
She is tasting the food she cooks at this moment.
My father is sitting in front of the TV and watching football match at this moment.
Sara, my sister, is doing her homework just now.
I am alone and I am thinking about my future right now.
My little brother is making a lot of noise at home now.
My uncle`s family is working in the yard now, and they are collecting the lawn cut by my uncle.
They are gathering the leaves fallen off the trees now, too.
سوالی کردن زمان حال استمراری:
برای ایجاد سوال در حال استمراری، ترتیب فاعل و فعل to be را عوض می کنیم:
Am/ is/ are/ + subject + verb ing + objects + adverbs?
Am I teaching you English now?
Are you learning English language with my CDs now?
Is your mother washing the dishes now?
Is she cooking the dinner in the kitchen now?
Is your father sweeping the sidewalks and paths now?
Is your brother sleeping in his room just now?
Is your sister sitting and speaking on the phone now?
Are your twin brothers building a new doll house in the garden now?
Are we learning French at this moment?
Are they cutting the lawn at this time?
Are your father and uncle arguing about politics now?
برای پاسخ دادن به این سوالات هم، پاسخ دهنده می تواند بر اساس الگوی زیر یا با yes یا با no پاسخ خود را بیان نماید.
مثال اول:
Am I teaching you English now?
Yes, you are, you are teaching me English now.
مثال دوم:
Are you teaching English to me now?
No, I am not, I am not teaching English to you now.
پاسخ دادن به سوالات زمان حال استمراری:
حالا شما به تک تک سوالات زیر هم با yes، هم با no پاسخ دهید تا بطور کامل به آنها مسلط شوید.
Are you learning English language with my CDs now?
Yes, I am, I`m learning English language with your CDs now.
Are you learning English language with ELS method now?
No, I`m not, I`m not learning English language with ELS method now.
Is your mother washing the dishes now?
Yes, she is, she`s washing the dishes now.
Is your mother washing the dishes now?
No, she is not; she isn’t washing the dishes now.
Is she cooking the dinner in the kitchen now?
Yes, she is, she`s cooking the dinner in the kitchen now.
Is she cooking the dinner in the kitchen now?
No, she isn`t, she isn’t cooking the dinner in the kitchen now.
Is your father sweeping the sidewalks and paths now?
Yes, he isn’t, my father isn’t sweeping the sidewalks and paths now.
Is your father sweeping the sidewalks and paths now?
No, he isn’t, my father isn’t sweeping the sidewalks and paths now.
Is your brother sleeping in his room just now?
Yes, he is, my brother isn’t sleeping in his room just now.
Is your brother sleeping in his room just now?
No, he isn’t, my brother isn’t sleeping in his room just now.
Is your sister sitting and speaking on the phone now?
Yes, she is, my sister is sitting and speaking on the phone now.
Is your sister sitting and speaking on the phone now?
No, she isn’t, my sister isn’t sitting and speaking on the phone now.
Are your twin brothers building a new doll house in the garden now?
Yes, they are, my twin brothers are building a new doll house in the garden now.
Are your twin brothers building a new doll house in the garden now?
No, they aren’t, my twin brothers aren’t building a new doll house in the garden now.
Are we learning English at this moment?
Yes, you are, you`re learning English at this moment.
Are we learning French at this moment?
No, you aren’t, you aren’t learning French at this moment.
Are they cutting the lawn at this time?
Yes, they are, they are cutting the lawn at this time.
Are they cutting the lawn at this time?
No, they aren’t. they aren’t cutting the lawn at this time.
Are your father and uncle arguing about politics now?
Yes, they are, my father and uncle arguing about politics now.
Are your father and uncle arguing about politics now?
No, they aren’t, my father and uncle arguing about politics now.
منفی کردن زمان حال استمرای:
برای ساختن جملات منفی به زمان حال استمراری، not را بعد از فعل to be و قبل از present participle(ING) اضافه می کنیم.
Subject + am not/ is not / are not/ + verb ing + objects + adverbs.
برای تمرین بیشتر مثال های زیر را بخوانید:
I am not watching TV now; I am practicing English in my room now.
I`m not watching TV now; I’m practicing English in my room now.
My father is not watching TV now; he is helping my mom in the kitchen now.
My father isn’t watching TV now; he`s helping my mom in the kitchen now.
My sister and Sarah are not arguing now; they are speaking on the phone with each other now.
My sister and Sarah aren’t arguing now; they`re speaking on the phone with each other now.
My second brother is not making a lot of noise; he`s sleeping in his room now.
We are not doing our homework; we all are sitting around the table and talking about what we did today.
We aren’t doing our homework; we all are sitting around the table and talking about what we did today.
They aren’t watching football match now; they`re weeding the garden just now.
قیود زمانی زمان حال استمراری:
گرامر زمان حال استمراری اغلب با قیدهای زمانی مانند : now , at present , at this moment , just now , for the time being به کار می رود. با دیدن این قید های زمانی می توانید به راحتی حدس بزنید که در باره کاری که در حال انجام است در جمله صحبت می شود.
قیدهای زمان معمولاً در انتهای جمله می‌آیند و اگر برای زمان حال استفاده شوند، معنی «اکنون» یا «در حال حاضر» می‌دهند (قید زمان «still» فقط در حالت‌های غیررسمی می‌تواند در انتهای جمله به‌کار برود، اما در حالت استمراری، معمولاً بعد از فعل «to be» می‌آید). به چند مثال زیر توجه کنید تا کاربرد قیدهای زمان در جمله را بهتر درک کنید.
My brother is six years old; at this moment he is sitting on the chair and watching cartoon; and my father is standing near him and watching him.
Mina will have a very hard test tomorrow, so she is studying hard with her friend now; they are reviewing their lessons and they are trying to learn the lessons carefully.
My mom is in the kitchen now, she is cooking the food, while she is cooking the food, she is listening to the music; my mom is speaking on the phone too, in fact she is doing three things at the same time.
My parents are in the yard now, my father is watering the plants and my mother is weeding the flowerbed, they are cleaning the yard now.
I am in an English class now, the teacher is teaching the students new words; he is pronouncing the new words now and the students are repeating them after him.
Sara and Susan are arguing about their plans just now; Sara is yelling at Susan that she is right and Susan is yelling at her too; no one is listening to the other, they are both just shouting.
Just now the children are in the yard, Sue`s daughter is bouncing the ball, my daughter is catching the ball and my nephews are playing volleyball and my nieces are sitting around the pool and talking.
I am in a kindergarten now, there are many babies and children in this kindergarten; each child is doing something; one of them is crying and the other is eating biscuit; some of them are sitting around a table and drawing a picture; some of them
are making a big doll house; two of them are pulling each other’s hair and three of them are sliding one after each other; I miss you because they are very cute.
کاربرد کلمات پرسشی در زمان حال استمراری:
کلمات پرسشی زمان حال استمراری به دو دسته کلمات پرسشی فاعلی و غیر فاعلی دسته بندی می شوند.گروه اول یا کلمات پرسشی فاعلی که شامل who, what, how many, how much, whose, which هستند یا مستقیما خود فاعل را مورد سوال قرار می دهند( who, what )
یا مقدار و تعداد فاعل (how many, how much)، یا مالکیت فاعل ( whose ) و یا درنهایت نوع فاعل را which) ) سوال می کنند.
گروه دوم هم می توانند مفعول هم سایر ارکان جمله را مورد پرسش قرار می دهند.حالا لطفا به جملات زیر خوب توجه کنید و به سوالاتی که از شما پرسیده می شود با دقت پاسخ دهید.
My brother is six years old; at this moment he is sitting on the chair and watching cartoon; and my father is standing near him and watching him.
Is your sister sitting on the chair and watching cartoon?
Who is sitting on the chair and watching cartoon?
Where is your brother sitting?
What is your brother doing now?
Is your brother watching football?
Is he watching cartoon?
Who is standing near him?
Whose father is standing near your brother?
Why is your father standing near your brother?
Mina will have a very hard test tomorrow, so she is studying hard with her friend now; they are reviewing their lessons and they are trying to learn the lessons carefully now.
Is Mina watching TV now?
Is she practicing English now?
What is she doing then?
Who is she studying hard with now?
Whose friend is Mina studying hard with?
Are they talking to each other now?
What are they doing now?
What are they reviewing now?
Are they trying to learn the lessons haphazardly?
How are they trying to learn the lessons?
My mom is in the kitchen now, she is cooking the food, while she is cooking food, she is listening to the music; my mom is speaking on the phone too, in fact she is doing three things at the same time.
Where is your mom now?
Is she washing the dishes in the kitchen?
What`s she doing in the kitchen now?
Is she watching TV while she is cooking food?
Is she singing while she is cooking food?
What`s she doing while she is cooking food?
What`s she listening to while she is cooking food?
Is your sister speaking on the phone now?
Who is speaking on the phone now?
How many things is she doing at the same time?
My parents are in the yard now, my father is watering the plants and my mother is weeding the flowerbed, they are cleaning the yard now.
Are your parents in the yard now?
Is your father weeding the flowerbed now?
Which of them is watering the plants now?
Which of them is weeding the flowerbed?
Who is cleaning the yard now?
Sara is in the English class now, her teacher is teaching the students new words; she is pronouncing the new words now and the students are repeating them after her.
Is Sara in the French class now?
What kind of class is Sara now?
Is her teacher teaching the students a song?
What`s her teacher teaching the students?
Is she pronouncing the new words?
Who is repeating the new words after her?
Sara and Susan are arguing about their plans just now; Sara is yelling at Susan that she is right and Susan is yelling at her too; no one is listening to the other, they are both just shouting.
Are Sara and Susan talking about their plans now?
Are they arguing about their plans just now?
Who`s arguing just now?
What are they arguing about?
Who`s yelling at Susan?
Why is Sara yelling at Susan?
Is Susan yelling at Sara too?
What are they both doing?
Just now the children are in the yard, Sue`s daughter is bouncing the ball, my daughter is catching the ball and my nephews are playing volleyball and my nieces are sitting around the pool and talking.
Where are the children now?
Whose daughter is bouncing the ball?
Who is catching the ball?
Are your nephews playing football?
What sport are they playing?
Who is playing volleyball?
Are your nieces sitting around the vegetable garden and talking?
Where are they sitting?
What are your nieces doing?
شکل مجهولی زمان حال استمراری:
وجه حال استمراری( present Continuous ) در حالت مجهولی نیز قابل استفاده است. شکل مجهولی زمان حال استمراری وقتی بکار می رود که گوینده بخواهد بیان نماید، فعلی روی کسی یا چیزی در حال انجام شدن است و برای او کسی که فعل را انجام می دهد اهمیت چندانی ندارد.
به خاطر داشته باشید، برای نوشتن یک جمله‌ی مجهولی با وجه present continuous، باید فعل being را در جمله قرار داده و سپس قسمت سوم فعل اصلی (P.P) را بنویسید. به مثال‌های زیر دقت کنید:
Subject + am/ is / are being + past participle (verb) + by object + adverbs.
images (1)
در این حالت subject در حقیقت همان مفعول فعل ( شخص یا شی که فعل روی آن انجام شده ) که در ابتدای جمله مجهول قبل از فعل مجهول بکار رفته است.
و بعد از by ، object همان انجام دهنده فعل یا فاعل است که در جمله مجهول می تواند بعد از فعل بکار رود.
لطفا مثال های زیر تا می توانید تکرار و تمرین کنید تا به فرم مجهولی زمان حال استمراری بطور کامل مسلط شوید.
English is being taught to you by me now.
الان انگلیسی دارا به شما توسط من آموزش داده می شود.
They are being taken to school just now.
آنها الان دراند به بیمارستان برده می شوند.
برای تمرین بیشتر مثال های زیر را مرور کنید:
The food is being cooked in the kitchen now.
The house is being vacuumed by her now.
The baby is being taken to nursery now.
Joe and Sarah are being given some lessons at this moment.
The plants are being watered right now.
The plants that were growing too big are being cut by my father now.
At this moment, the windows are being washed by maid.
Football match is being watched at home at this time.
Julia`s homework is being done by her mother just now.
The streets are being decorated for the ceremony now.
These days, many people are being given a chance to invest their money.
سوالی کردن مجهول حال استمراری:
برای ساخت شکل سوالی زمان حال استمراری می توان از افعال کمکی am / is / are استفاده کرد؛ یعنی با آوردن این افعال کمکی به ابتدای جمله قبلا زا فاعل جمله سوالی زمان حال استمراری چه به شکل معلوم چه به شکل مجهول ساخته می شود،مثال:
Is Mina being punished by her mom now?
آیا مینا الان دارد توسط مادرش تنبیه می شود؟
اگر جواب پاسخ دهنده بله باشد می تواند بگوید:
Yes, she is, she is being punished by her mother now.
و اگر پاسخ او منفی باشد، می تواند بگوید:
No, she isn’t, she isn’t being punished by her mother now.
حالا من از شما خواهش می کنم به جملات سوالی زیر با دقت پاسخ دهید.
Is football match being watched at home now?
Yes, it is, it`s being watched at home now.
Is volleyball being watched at home now?
No, it isn’t, it isn’t being watched at home now.
What`s being watched at home now? (Football match)
Where is football match being watched now? (At home)
Is Arabic being taught to you by me now? (No)
Is French being taught to you by me now? (No)
What`s being taught to you by me Now? (English)
Who is English being taught to you by? (Me)
Who is English being taught to by me now? (Us)
Are the windows being washed from the outside now?
No,
Are the windows being cleaned from the outside now?
Yes,
What is being cleaned from the outside now? (The windows)
Where are the windows being cleaned from now? (The outside)
When are the windows being cleaned from the outside? (Now)
Is Ali`s homework being done by him at home right now?
No,
Is your homework being done by his sister at home right now?
Yes,
Whose homework is being done by Ali`s sister at home now? (Ali`s)
What`s being done by Ali`s sister at home right now? (Ali`s homework)
Whose sister is Ali`s homework being done by? (Ali`s sister)
When is Ali`s homework being done by his sister? (Just now)
Are Joe and Sue being trained how to use this car right now?
No,
Are Joe and Sue being trained how to speak English right now?
Yes,
Who is being trained how to speak English right now? (Joe and Sue)
What languages are they trained how to speak right now? (English)
Are the lazy students being punished by Professor Smith at this moment?
Yes,
Who is being punished by Professor Smith at this moment? (The lazy students)
How many students are being punished by Professor Smith at this moment? (Only lazy students)
Who are the lazy students punished by now? (Professor Smith)
Why are the lazy students punished by Professor Smith now? (Because they haven’t done their homework)
Are the injured men being taken to hospital now?
Yes,
Are the injured men being taken to school now?
No,
Who is being taken to the hospital now? (The injured men)
Where are the injured men being taken to now? (To the hospital)
Why are they being taken to the hospital? (Because they need to be cured)
سوالات متداول:
زمان حال استمراری با چه هدفی استفاده می شود؟
از این زمان بیشتر برای نشان دادن فعالیت هایی که دقیقا در زمان بیان در حال اتفاق افتادن است استفاده می شود.
زمان حال استمراری منفی چطور ساخته می شود؟
ساختار جملات منفی، شبیه جملات خبری است، با این تفاوت که به فعل «to be» منفی‌کننده «not» اضافه می‌کنیم.
زمان گذشته استمراری با چه هدفی استفاده می شود؟
این زمان برای بیان و توصیف فعل، یا رویدادی که در زمان گذشته شروع شده است و همچنان پیش از شروع و وقوع فعل یا رویدادی دیگر در گذشته تداوم دارد،استفاده می شود.
